Study notes

Surds & Polynomials

Simplifying and rationalising surds (including conjugate-pair denominators), solving simple surd equations, plus polynomial long division, the remainder and factor theorems, solving cubic/quartic equations, and partial fractions with distinct linear factors.

What this topic covers

  • \(\sqrt{a} \times \sqrt{b} = \sqrt{ab}\): simplify a surd by extracting its largest square factor
  • Rationalising a single-surd denominator: multiply top and bottom by that surd
  • A conjugate pair removes a two-term surd denominator via the difference of two squares
  • Solving a surd equation: isolate the surd, square both sides, then CHECK for extraneous roots
  • Polynomial long division works just like numerical long division
  • The remainder theorem finds a remainder WITHOUT doing the division
  • Solve a cubic or quartic by finding ONE factor first, then dividing down to a quadratic
  • Partial fractions with distinct linear factors split one fraction into simpler pieces

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